Adair versus the United States

5 Oct

Adair v. the United States refers to (1908), case in which the U.S. Supreme Court upheld “yellow dog” contracts forbidding workers from joining labour unions. William Adair of the Louisville and Nashville Railroad fired O.B. Coppage for belonging to a labour union, an action in direct violation of the Erdman Act of 1898, which prohibited railroads engaged in interstate commerce from requiring workers to refrain from union membership as a condition of employment. In 1908 the Supreme Court decided in a 6 to 2 vote that the Erdman Act was un constitutional. The court held that the act represented an unreasonable violation of the due process clause of the Fifth Amendment, which guaranteed freedom of contract and property rights; moreover, according to the majority, Congress’ constitutional authority over interstate commerce did not extend to matters of union membership.

Academy Bay, Spanish Bahia De La Academia, is a bay at the south
end of Santa Cruz (Indefatigable) Island AC/DC are an Australian heavy metal band whose theatrical, high-energy shows placed them among the most popular …. An acacia is any of about 800 species of trees and shrubs comprising a genus (Acacia) in the mimosa family (Mimosaceae) and native …  Acacian Schism (484–519), in Christian history, is the split between the patriarchate of Constantinople and the Roman See … The Acadia National Park is a national park on the Atlantic coast of Maine,U.S., astride Frenchman Bay. It has an area of 65 square miles ….. Acadian orogeny is a mountain-building event that affected the northern portion of the Appalachian Geosyncline from present-day ….. Acámbaro is a city in southeastern Guanajuato estado(“state”), central Mexico. Acámbaro lies along the Lerma River ……Acanthaceae is one of 18 families in the figwort order of flowering plants (Scrophulariales), containing approximately 250 genera and at  …. Acanthus in architecture and decorative arts, is a stylized ornamental motif based on a characteristic Mediterranean plant with jagged leaves, Acanthus ….Acapulco, in full Acapulco De Juárez, is a resort and port in Guerrero estado (“state”), south-western Mexico. Situated on a deep …. The Acaraí Mountains, also spelled Acarahy, or Akarai, are found in the Portuguese Serra Acaraí, a low range on the border of Brazil  ….. Acari are also called Acarida, or Acarina and are a sub-class of the arthropod class Arachnida that includes the mites and ticks … Acarigua is a city in northern Portuguesa estado (“state”), northwestern Venezuela. Formerly the state capital, Acarigua is a principal commercial  ……. Acarnania was a district of ancient Greece bounded by the Ionian Sea, the Ambracian Gulf, Mount Thyamus, and the Achelous River ….. Acatalasia is a rare hereditary metabolic disorder caused by lack of the organic catalystor enzyme called catalase. Although a deficiency  … And also Ad valorem tax is any tax imposed on the basis of the monetary value of the taxed item. Literally the term means “according to value.” Traditionally, most customs …… Ada is a city, and a seat (1907) of Pontotoc county, south-central Oklahoma, U.S.A. It lies along Clear Boggy Creek, south of the Canadian River …. The Ada group are ivory carvings and a group of about ten illuminated manuscripts, dating from the last quarter of the 8th century, the earliest …..
Hearing does not change much with age for tones of frequencies usually encountered in daily life ………..
After the age of 70 other sense organs may show a reduction in sensitivity. Reduced taste sensitivity is associated with atrophy …………


ʿādah

5 Oct

ʿādah (Arabic: “custom”), in Islāmic law, is a local custom that is given a particular consideration by judicial authorities even when it conflicts with some principle of canon law (Sharīʿah); in Indonesia it is known as adat, in North Africa it is ʿurf, and in East Africa, dustūr. Muslim communities developed their ʿādahs before accepting Islām and did not abandon them entirely afterward. Thus in Indonesian Minangkabau, where many Muslims still retain old Hindu or pagan traditions, a matriarchate is recognized, contrary to the Sharīʿah; in parts of India, Muslims adopt children, forbidden by canon law, and then again circumvent the Sharīʿah by providing them with an inheritance. Such ʿādahs are accepted by religious courts as legitimate local laws that must be respected by others. Each community has developed its own norms for handling disputes, and these may often disagree with standard religious teachings. Nevertheless, authorities condone various religious customs to foster harmony and peace in the community.
importance among the leaf fibre (q.v.)
The abacus, plural Abaci, or Abacuses, is a calculating device, probably of Babylonian origin, that was long important in commerce
Ābādān, Arabic ʿAbbādān is a city in the extreme south-western Iran. The city is situated in Khūzestān, part of the oil-producing region ……….
Abae is an ancient town in the northeast corner of Phocis, Greece. The town was famous for its oracle of Apollo, which was one of those consulted …..
Abahai was born on November 28th, 1592, in Manchuria [now in China] and died September 21st, 1643, in Manchuria..
Agence France-Presse is a French cooperative news agency, one of the world’s great wire news services. It is based in Paris, where  ….
The Abajo Mountains are a volcanic segment of the Colorado Plateau, in San Juan county, southeastern Utah, U.S.A. …….
Abakaliki is a town in Enugu state, southeastern Nigeria. It lies at the intersection of roads from Enugu, Afikpo ….
Abakan, formerly (until 1931) Ust-Abakanskoe city and administrative centre of the republic of Khakassia,is in south-central Russia ….
Magdalena Abakanowicz was born on June 20th, 1930, in Falenty, Poland………….
Abalone are any of several marine snails of the subclass Prosobranchia (class Gastropoda) constituting ……
Abancay is the capital of Apurímac departamento, Inca región, southern Peru. It is situated on the eastern bank of the Marino …………..
Sait Faik Abasıyanık, was born on November 23rd, 1906 in Adapazarı, Ottoman Empire [now in Turkey] and died on May 11th, 1954, Istanbul, Turkey ……..
Abatement means, in law, the interruption of a legal proceeding upon the pleading by a defendant of a matter that prevents ………….
Firmin Abauzit was born on November 11th, 1679, in Uzès, France. He died on March 20th, 1767, in Geneva, Switzerland ………..
The Abaza language is  spoken primarily in the western part of the Caucasus Mountains and in north-eastern Turkey …………
Acadia, French Acadie, was the North American Atlantic seaboard possessions of France ………
Academic freedom is the freedom of teachers and students to teach, study, and pursue knowledge and research without unreasonable …….
An academy is a society of learned individuals organized to advance art, science, literature, music, or some other cultural …….
The Academy Award (in full Academy Award of Merit) is the other name for Oscar and any of several awards presented annually by the Academy ……..